SSH Keys With PuTTY and Cygwin for Windows. I’ll delve into how I’ve set up my computer to use public/private SSH key pairings for accessing different environments. I prefer the more secure approach of generating specific pairings for Github, Gitlab, and any client-specific instances. We need to generate some public-private keys. Note that in our case we need PK keys for passwordless authentication, so we didn't password protect rsa private key in the example that follows. Ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair.
SSH without password from Windows/Cygwin
May 10, 2009 $ ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair. Authenticating with public key “imported-openssh-key” from agent. Using SSH-Agent for Cygwin. Cygwin doesn't use PuTTY's ppk file, so we need a manner to retain the private id-rsa key within our Cygwin sessions. We need to generate some public-private keys. Note that in our case we need PK keys for passwordless authentication, so we didn't password protect rsa private key in the example that follows. Ssh-keygen -t rsa Generating public/private rsa key pair.
First of all the openSSH package must be installed on Cygwin.
Note that theseexplanations make reference to your 'home' directory (written'HOME' or '~'). On UNIX machines (including Linux) this isthe directory you land in when you login, and where you keep your files; thislocation is stored in the environment variable 'HOME'. Note that'HOME' is the name of the variable, and that $HOME is the value, e.g.HOME's value may be 'C:nifty'. The naturalHOME for the Windows user Nifty is the existing folder 'Documents andSettingsNifty' but Cygwin and other UNIXrelated applications are not necessarily happy with pathnames that includeblanks, so you should create your own HOME directory for Cygwinas described below.
Windows only
SSH can give youauthenticated and encrypted connections to remote computers. If you set up keysyou can make these connections without passwords. Installing Cygwin is pretty easy but the home directory andpublic/private key business, on Cygwin, is somethingof a pain; it's going to push the 'beginner' envelope but is doable.If you don't mind typing passwords with every connection, you can skip all theWindows HOME business below after installing and running Cygwin.If for some reason you do not wish to install Cygwinon Windows you may want to consider putty. I do not cover how to use puttyhere.
InstallingCygwin on Windows: This is pretty straightforward. Download the Cygwininstallation wizard setup.exe from the Cygwin siteand double-click on it. Most of the default selections in the wizard are fine.Select a place to install Cygwin (recommended:C:cygwin) and select a place to put the installation files (the same placeworks). Choose an ftp site from the list and then review the additionalpackages you want installed. You must select at least the ssh package from the Net section (and the cvs package from Devel if youknow you will need cvs); these are not selected bydefault. You do not need the sources.
Running Cygwin on Windows: You start a Cygwinconsole from the Start menu, and type the commands in that window. (If theshell does not open in the HOME directory, see below). The lscommand lists files and folders ('directories' in UNIX lingo). The cd command enables you to change directories, 'cd .'moves you up a directory. The Cygwin console is muchlike a regular UNIX terminal and may be customized on startup with .bash_profile and .bashrc files inyour HOME directory. Search the web for more about UNIX for beginners. You cansee the (terse) documentation for any command by using the 'man'command, for example, 'man ls' or 'manssh-keygen'.
By the way, Cygwin comes with a small program to set up ssh for you. The command is ssh-user-config, which will create keys and a .ssh directory in your HOMEdirectory. However, it will not create the HOME directory, nor fix your /etc/passwd, nor put the public key on the remote computer, allof which are necessary and described below. I've never used it.
Creatingthe home directory with Cygwin: The Cygwin installation folder contains folders 'usr' and 'bin'. If there is not one already, add a foldercalled 'home' and in that folder add a folder with some name,typically your user name, e.g., 'nifty'. This will be the folderwhere ssh.exe will look for the .ssh foldercontaining your keys; see below. (Cygwin thinks yourhome is where the line in /etc/passwd says it is, seebelow). Note your home directory does not have to be in Cygwin's'/home' (mine is not), you can put it anywhere, e.g., C:nifty. To dothis, you will have to start a Cygwin console and run
$ cd /
$ mkdir home
$ cd home
$ ln -s /cygdrive/c/niftynifty
The 'ln' command is making a symbolic link, like a Windowsshortcut, from Cygwin's /home/nifty to your C:nifty.Note that '/cygdrive/c/nifty' is Cygwin's way of saying 'C:nifty'. If your HOMEis on another drive, say D:, use the cygwin prefix /cygdrive/d.
Cygwin Generating Public Ssh Key Login
Setting the HOMEenvironment variable on Windows: For Win2K/XP right click on 'MyComputer', click on 'Advanced' and 'Environmentvariables'. Add a personal environment variable HOME with value, e.g.,C:cygwinhomenifty (or if you did the ln businessabove, C:nifty). You shouldn't need to reboot.
For Win9x/Me, youmust put a line in your autoexec.bat file (usually C:autoexec.bat) which setsit, e.g.,
set HOME=C:cygwinhomenifty
or
set HOME=C:nifty
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andreboot. Be sure to edit the autoexec.bat with a text editor (like Notepad) andnot a word processor (like Word).
By the way, environmentvariables are useful for a variety of programs; this is where you would setyour CVS_RSH, ANT_HOME, JAVA_HOME, and JIKESPATH if you were a Java programmerusing cvs with ssh.If you wanted Cygwin commands available from DOSprompts you would append ';C:cygwinbin' toyour PATH variable.
Checking the homein the /etc/passwd file on Windows: In your cygwin root install folder (C:cygwin) there is a folderetc/ containing a file 'passwd' (if thisfile is missing it can be created with the cygwincommand 'makepasswd'). The lines in thisfile contain fields separated by colons (:). In a new cygwininstallation the last line will be for your Windows user name. The last fieldwill be '/bin/bash'. Make sure the next-to-last field in the line foryour Windows user name is '/home/nifty', (it'sOK if 'nifty' is a link). Do not use Windows 'C:'notation. Be sure to edit the /etc/passwd file with atext editor (like Notepad or Wordpad) and not a wordprocessor (like Word).
If the Cygwin shell doesn't open in $HOME: On some some of my installations the CygwinBash shell did not open in $HOME but in /usr/bin (theprompt was '/usr/bin $', not, e.g.,'nifty/ $'). One way to fix this is to put a file '.bash_profile' constainingthe line 'cd $HOME' into your $HOMEdirectory. This is another file which must be created with a text editor.
Linux and Windows
OpenSSH to OpenSSH(ssh2)
Check that ssh functions at all: SSH canreplace telnet even without keys. Suppose you are connecting to the remotecomputer foobar.edu. as user 'dude'. Run
The sshwill ask if you want to keep connecting, type 'yes', and then itshould ask for your password and open a shell in dude's home directory on foobar, just like telnet. If this fails, there is a problemsomewhere. Make sure everything is set up right on your end, and also make surethat foobar is accepting ssh connections. If it's not, you're wasting yourtime.
Once ssh is functioning we will set upthe keys so it will no longer be necessary to send passwords. If you arecurious about the theory of this then read up on 'public keycryptography'.
Create your keys:You need to create private and public sshkeys and put them in the proper place with the proper permissions. In your homedirectory create a folder .ssh ($ mkdir.ssh), if there is none. Create the keys with thecommand
$ ssh-keygen -t dsa
The ssh-keygenprogram will ask for a passphrase, just hit the'Enter' key unless for some reason you know you want a passphrase. This creates the keys id_dsaand id_dsa.pub and puts them in .ssh/.The private key id_dsa must be readable only by you;change its permissions with
$ chmod 600 .ssh/id_dsa
Put the public keyon the remote computer: In this section we are assuming the remote computer isalso running OpenSSH. Somehow, you must get the .ssh/id_dsa.pub key onto the remote computer, whether byemail, ftp, carrying it over on a floppy (sneakernet),etc.; the cool way to do it is to use scp,which was installed along with ssh. Suppose theremote computer is named foobar.edu, and your account there is'dude'. To copy the file to foobar, run
Don't forget the trailingcolon. You will be asked for dude's password on foobarbefore the copying commences. The file will be copied to dude's home directoryon foobar.
Install the publickey on the remote computer: (We assume the remote computer is running OpenSSH on Linux or UNIX!) Once id_dsa.pubis on the remote computer, login into the remote computer (you can use shh to login as described above). From your home directory(where you should see your newly arrive id_dsa.pub)create a .ssh folder if none exists. Then append yourid_dsa.pub to a file in .sshwith
$ catid_dsa.pub >> .ssh/authorized_keys
This will create the file authorized_keys if none exists. The id_dsa.pubkey may be removed from the remote computer's home directory, if you like. The.ssh folder on the remote computer must have thecorrect permissions, you may set them with
$ chmod 4755 .ssh
You can also try: chmod -R go-rw ~/.ssh on the remote computer.
Checking the password-lessconnection: Now the command
