The Application Gateway v2 SKU introduces the use of Trusted Root Certificates to allow backend servers. This removes authentication certificates that were required in the v1 SKU. The root certificate is a Base-64 encoded X.509(.CER) format root certificate from the backend certificate server. It identifies the root certificate authority (CA) that issued the server certificate and the server certificate is then used for the TLS/SSL communication.
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- In fact, the term X.509 certificate usually refers to the IETF’s PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile of the X.509 v3 certificate standard, as specified in RFC 5280, commonly referred to as PKIX for Public Key Infrastructure (X.509). X509 File Extensions. The first thing we have to understand is what each type of file extension is.
- Base64 encode your data in a hassle-free way, or decode it into human-readable format. Base64 encoding schemes are commonly used when there is a need to encode binary data that needs be stored and transferred over media that are designed to deal with textual data. This is to ensure that the data remains intact without modification during transport.
Application Gateway trusts your website's certificate by default if it's signed by a well-known CA (for example, GoDaddy or DigiCert). You don't need to explicitly upload the root certificate in that case. For more information, see Overview of TLS termination and end to end TLS with Application Gateway. However, if you have a dev/test environment and don't want to purchase a verified CA signed certificate, you can create your own custom CA and create a self-signed certificate with it.
Note
Self-signed certificates are not trusted by default and they can be difficult to maintain. Also, they may use outdated hash and cipher suites that may not be strong. For better security, purchase a certificate signed by a well-known certificate authority.
In this article, you will learn how to:
- Create your own custom Certificate Authority
- Create a self-signed certificate signed by your custom CA
- Upload a self-signed root certificate to an Application Gateway to authenticate the backend server
Send the CSR that you just generated to the CA and get it signed. The CA typically sends the Signed Server Certificate, a.k.a End Entity Certificate via email. It is usually in the Base64 encoded PEM format. Note: For security reasons, you must not send the private key to the CA or anyone else for that matter. Keep your private key safe.
Prerequisites
OpenSSL on a computer running Windows or Linux
While there could be other tools available for certificate management, this tutorial uses OpenSSL. You can find OpenSSL bundled with many Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu.
A web server
For example, Apache, IIS, or NGINX to test the certificates.
An Application Gateway v2 SKU
If you don't have an existing application gateway, see Quickstart: Direct web traffic with Azure Application Gateway - Azure portal.
Create a root CA certificate
Create your root CA certificate using OpenSSL.
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Create the root key
Sign in to your computer where OpenSSL is installed and run the following command. This creates a password protected key.
At the prompt, type a strong password. For example, at least nine characters, using upper case, lower case, numbers, and symbols.
Create a Root Certificate and self-sign it
Use the following commands to generate the csr and the certificate.
The previous commands create the root certificate. You'll use this to sign your server certificate.
When prompted, type the password for the root key, and the organizational information for the custom CA such as Country, State, Org, OU, and the fully qualified domain name (this is the domain of the issuer).
Create a server certificate
Next, you'll create a server certificate using OpenSSL.
Create the certificate's key
Use the following command to generate the key for the server certificate.
Create the CSR (Certificate Signing Request)
The CSR is a public key that is given to a CA when requesting a certificate. The CA issues the certificate for this specific request.
Note
The CN (Common Name) for the server certificate must be different from the issuer's domain. For example, in this case, the CN for the issuer is www.contoso.com and the server certificate's CN is www.fabrikam.com.
Use the following command to generate the CSR:
When prompted, type the password for the root key, and the organizational information for the custom CA: Country, State, Org, OU, and the fully qualified domain name. This is the domain of the website and it should be different from the issuer.
Generate the certificate with the CSR and the key and sign it with the CA's root key
Use the following command to create the certificate:
Verify the newly created certificate
Use the following command to print the output of the CRT file and verify its content:
Verify the files in your directory, and ensure you have the following files:
- contoso.crt
- contoso.key
- fabrikam.crt
- fabrikam.key
Configure the certificate in your web server's TLS settings
In your web server, configure TLS using the fabrikam.crt and fabrikam.key files. If your web server can't take two files, you can combine them to a single .pem or .pfx file using OpenSSL commands.
IIS
For instructions on how to import certificate and upload them as server certificate on IIS, see HOW TO: Install Imported Certificates on a Web Server in Windows Server 2003.
For TLS binding instructions, see How to Set Up SSL on IIS 7.
Apache
The following configuration is an example virtual host configured for SSL in Apache:
NGINX
The following configuration is an example NGINX server block with TLS configuration:
Access the server to verify the configuration
Add the root certificate to your machine's trusted root store. When you access the website, ensure the entire certificate chain is seen in the browser.
Note
It's assumed that DNS has been configured to point the web server name (in this example, www.fabrikam.com) to your web server's IP address. If not, you can edit the hosts file to resolve the name.
Browse to your website, and click the lock icon on your browser's address box to verify the site and certificate information.
Verify the configuration with OpenSSL
Or, you can use OpenSSL to verify the certificate.
Upload the root certificate to Application Gateway's HTTP Settings
To upload the certificate in Application Gateway, you must export the .crt certificate into a .cer format Base-64 encoded. Since .crt already contains the public key in the base-64 encoded format, just rename the file extension from .crt to .cer.
Azure portal
To upload the trusted root certificate from the portal, select the HTTP Settings and choose the HTTPS protocol.
Azure PowerShell
Or, you can use Azure CLI or Azure PowerShell to upload the root certificate. The following code is an Azure PowerShell sample.
Note
The following sample adds a trusted root certificate to the application gateway, creates a new HTTP setting and adds a new rule, assuming the backend pool and the listener exist already.
Verify the application gateway backend health
- Click the Backend Health view of your application gateway to check if the probe is healthy.
- You should see that the Status is Healthy for the HTTPS probe.
Next steps
To learn more about SSLTLS in Application Gateway, see Overview of TLS termination and end to end TLS with Application Gateway. Serato dj key generator 1 9.5.
-->Point-to-Site connections use certificates to authenticate. This article shows you how to create a self-signed root certificate and generate client certificates using PowerShell on Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016. If you are looking for different certificate instructions, see Certificates - Linux or Certificates - MakeCert.
You must perform the steps in this article on a computer running Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016. The PowerShell cmdlets that you use to generate certificates are part of the operating system and do not work on other versions of Windows. The Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016 computer is only needed to generate the certificates. Once the certificates are generated, you can upload them, or install them on any supported client operating system.
If you do not have access to a Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016 computer, you can use MakeCert to generate certificates. The certificates that you generate using either method can be installed on any supported client operating system.
Create a self-signed root certificate
Use the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet to create a self-signed root certificate. For additional parameter information, see New-SelfSignedCertificate.
From a computer running Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, open a Windows PowerShell console with elevated privileges. These examples do not work in the Azure Cloud Shell 'Try It'. You must run these examples locally.
Use the following example to create the self-signed root certificate. The following example creates a self-signed root certificate named 'P2SRootCert' that is automatically installed in 'Certificates-Current UserPersonalCertificates'. You can view the certificate by opening certmgr.msc, or Manage User Certificates.
Leave the PowerShell console open if you want to create a client certificate right after creating this root certificate.
Generate a client certificate
Each client computer that connects to a VNet using Point-to-Site must have a client certificate installed. You generate a client certificate from the self-signed root certificate, and then export and install the client certificate. If the client certificate is not installed, authentication fails.
The following steps walk you through generating a client certificate from a self-signed root certificate. You may generate multiple client certificates from the same root certificate. When you generate client certificates using the steps below, the client certificate is automatically installed on the computer that you used to generate the certificate. If you want to install a client certificate on another client computer, you can export the certificate.
The examples use the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet to generate a client certificate that expires in one year. For additional parameter information, such as setting a different expiration value for the client certificate, see New-SelfSignedCertificate.
Example 1 - PowerShell console session still open
Use this example if you have not closed your PowerShell console after creating the self-signed root certificate. This example continues from the previous section and uses the declared '$cert' variable. If you closed the PowerShell console after creating the self-signed root certificate, or are creating additional client certificates in a new PowerShell console session, use the steps in Example 2.
Modify and run the example to generate a client certificate. If you run the following example without modifying it, the result is a client certificate named 'P2SChildCert'. If you want to name the child certificate something else, modify the CN value. Do not change the TextExtension when running this example. The client certificate that you generate is automatically installed in 'Certificates - Current UserPersonalCertificates' on your computer.
Example 2 - New PowerShell console session
If you are creating additional client certificates, or are not using the same PowerShell session that you used to create your self-signed root certificate, use the following steps:
Identify the self-signed root certificate that is installed on the computer. This cmdlet returns a list of certificates that are installed on your computer.
Locate the subject name from the returned list, then copy the thumbprint that is located next to it to a text file. In the following example, there are two certificates. The CN name is the name of the self-signed root certificate from which you want to generate a child certificate. In this case, 'P2SRootCert'.
Declare a variable for the root certificate using the thumbprint from the previous step. Replace THUMBPRINT with the thumbprint of the root certificate from which you want to generate a child certificate.
For example, using the thumbprint for P2SRootCert in the previous step, the variable looks like this:
Modify and run the example to generate a client certificate. If you run the following example without modifying it, the result is a client certificate named 'P2SChildCert'. If you want to name the child certificate something else, modify the CN value. Do not change the TextExtension when running this example. The client certificate that you generate is automatically installed in 'Certificates - Current UserPersonalCertificates' on your computer.
Export the root certificate public key (.cer)
After creating a self-signed root certificate, export the root certificate public key .cer file (not the private key). You will later upload this file to Azure. The following steps help you export the .cer file for your self-signed root certificate:
To obtain a .cer file from the certificate, open Manage user certificates. Locate the self-signed root certificate, typically in 'Certificates - Current UserPersonalCertificates', and right-click. Click All Tasks, and then click Export. This opens the Certificate Export Wizard. If you can't find the certificate under Current UserPersonalCertificates, you may have accidentally opened 'Certificates - Local Computer', rather than 'Certificates - Current User'). If you want to open Certificate Manager in current user scope using PowerShell, you type certmgr in the console window.
In the Wizard, click Next.
Select No, do not export the private key, and then click Next.
On the Export File Format page, select Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER)., and then click Next.
For File to Export, Browse to the location to which you want to export the certificate. For File name, name the certificate file. Then, click Next.
Click Finish to export the certificate.
Your certificate is successfully exported.
The exported certificate looks similar to this:
If you open the exported certificate using Notepad, you see something similar to this example. The section in blue contains the information that is uploaded to Azure. If you open your certificate with Notepad and it does not look similar to this, typically this means you did not export it using the Base-64 encoded X.509(.CER) format. Additionally, if you want to use a different text editor, understand that some editors can introduce unintended formatting in the background. This can create problems when uploaded the text from this certificate to Azure.
Export the self-signed root certificate and private key to store it (optional)
You may want to export the self-signed root certificate and store it safely as backup. If need be, you can later install it on another computer and generate more client certificates. To export the self-signed root certificate as a .pfx, select the root certificate and use the same steps as described in Export a client certificate.
Export the client certificate
When you generate a client certificate, it's automatically installed on the computer that you used to generate it. If you want to install the client certificate on another client computer, you need to export the client certificate that you generated.
To export a client certificate, open Manage user certificates. The client certificates that you generated are, by default, located in 'Certificates - Current UserPersonalCertificates'. Right-click the client certificate that you want to export, click all tasks, and then click Export to open the Certificate Export Wizard.
In the Certificate Export Wizard, click Next to continue.
Select Yes, export the private key, and then click Next.
On the Export File Format page, leave the defaults selected. Make sure that Include all certificates in the certification path if possible is selected. This setting additionally exports the root certificate information that is required for successful client authentication. Without it, client authentication fails because the client doesn't have the trusted root certificate. Then, click Next.
On the Security page, you must protect the private key. If you select to use a password, make sure to record or remember the password that you set for this certificate. Then, click Next.
On the File to Export, Browse to the location to which you want to export the certificate. For File name, name the certificate file. Then, click Next.
Click Finish to export the certificate.
Install an exported client certificate
Each client that connects to the VNet over a P2S connection requires a client certificate to be installed locally.
To install a client certificate, see Install a client certificate for Point-to-Site connections.
Next steps
Continue with your Point-to-Site configuration.
- For Resource Manager deployment model steps, see Configure P2S using native Azure certificate authentication.
- For classic deployment model steps, see Configure a Point-to-Site VPN connection to a VNet (classic).