Federation servers require token-signing certificates to prevent attackers from altering or counterfeiting security tokens in an attempt to gain unauthorized access to federated resources. The private/public key pairing that is used with token-signing certificates is the most important validation mechanism of any federated partnership because these keys verify that a security token was issued by a valid partner federation server and that the token was not modified during transit.
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Token-signing certificate requirements
A token-signing certificate must meet the following requirements to work with AD FS:
For a token-signing certificate to successfully sign a security token, the token-signing certificate must contain a private key.
The AD FS service account must have access to the token-signing certificate's private key in the personal store of the local computer. This is taken care of by Setup. You can also use the AD FS Management snap-in to ensure this access if you subsequently change the token-signing certificate.
Note
It is a public key infrastructure (PKI) best practice to not share the private key for multiple purposes. Therefore, do not use the service communication certificate that you installed on the federation server as the token-signing certificate.
How token-signing certificates are used across partners
Every token-signing certificate contains cryptographic private keys and public keys that are used to digitally sign (by means of the private key) a security token. Later, after they are received by a partner federation server, these keys validate the authenticity (by means of the public key) of the encrypted security token.
Because each security token is digitally signed by the account partner, the resource partner can verify that the security token was in fact issued by the account partner and that it was not modified. Digital signatures are verified by the public key portion of a partner's token-signing certificate. After the signature is verified, the resource federation server generates its own security token for its organization and it signs the security token with its own token-signing certificate.
For federation partner environments, when the token-signing certificate has been issued by a CA, ensure that:
The certificate revocation lists (CRLs) of the certificate are accessible to relying parties and Web servers that trust the federation server.
The root CA certificate is trusted by the relying parties and Web servers that trust the federation server.
The Web server in the resource partner uses the public key of the token-signing certificate to verify that the security token is signed by the resource federation server. Paypal money generator access key. The Web server then allows the appropriate access to the client.
Deployment considerations for token-signing certificates
When you deploy the first federation server in a new AD FS installation, you must obtain a token-signing certificate and install it in the local computer personal certificate store on that federation server. You can obtain a token-signing certificate by requesting one from an enterprise CA or a public CA or by creating a self-signed certificate.
When you deploy an AD FS farm, token-signing certificates are installed differently, depending on how you create the server farm.
There are two server farm options that you can consider when you obtain token-signing certificates for your deployment:
A private key from one token-signing certificate is shared among all the federation servers in a farm.
In a federation server farm environment, we recommend that all federation servers share (or reuse) the same token-signing certificate. You can install a single token-signing certificate from a CA on a federation server and then export the private key, as long as the issued certificate is marked as exportable.
As shown in the following illustration, the private key from a single token-signing certificate can be shared to all the federation servers in a farm. This option—compared to the following 'unique token-signing certificate' option—reduces costs if you plan to obtain a token-signing certificate from a public CA.
There is a unique token-signing certificate for each federation server in a farm.
When you use multiple, unique certificates throughout your farm, each server in that farm signs tokens with its own unique private key.
As shown in the following illustration, you can obtain a separate token-signing certificate for every single federation server in the farm. This option is more expensive if you plan to obtain your token-signing certificates from a public CA.
For information about installing a certificate when you use Microsoft Certificate Services as your enterprise CA, see IIS 7.0: Create a Domain Server Certificate in IIS 7.0.
For information about installing a certificate from a public CA, see IIS 7.0: Request an Internet Server Certificate.
For information about installing a self-signed certificate, see IIS 7.0: Create a Self-Signed Server Certificate in IIS 7.0.
See Also
What Is Exploration & Production (E&P)
An exploration & production (E&P) company is in a specific sector within the oil and gas industry. Companies involved in the high-risk/high-reward area of exploration and production focus on finding, augmenting, producing, and merchandising different types of oil and gas.
Exploration and production (E&P) is known as the upstream segment of the oil and gas industry. The resource owners and operators of E&Ps work with a variety of contractors such as engineering procurement and construction (EPC) contractors, as well as with joint-venture partners and oil field service companies, and as E&P operators produce oil and gas, they also build infrastructure and collect massive amounts of analytical data.
Understanding Exploration & Production (E&P)
Exploration & production companies locate and extract nonrenewable resources from the Earth; the process of oil and gas exploration and production typically involves four stages.
Exploration
At this stage, the search for hydrocarbons beneath the ground entails geophysical prospecting for shale formations that hold deposits of oil and natural gas. One method of exploration involves seismology, a process whereby substantial vibrations, via explosives or machinery, are produced at the Earth’s surface. Seismic waves travel to the Earth’s mantle, and the respondent force is analyzed at the surface to identify layers of rock that trap reservoirs of oil and natural gas. Exxon Mobil Corporation maintains many large exploratory fields in the Gulf of Mexico, extending operations to 339 deepwater blocks.
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Well Development
After identifying potentially viable fields, engineers determine the number of wells needed to meet production requirements and the method of extraction of the liquid hydrocarbons. Platform construction costs are estimated with regard to the site, offshore or onshore, and designs are rendered for systems used to facilitate environmental protections. Newer drilling technologies, prominent in the Marcellus and Bennett shale fields in Pennsylvania and Texas, allow companies such as Chesapeake Energy Corporation to extend horizontal legs about 5,000 feet from vertical wells in search of natural gas pockets, producing four times as much gas at only twice the cost of a vertical well.
Production
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Liquid hydrocarbons extracted from wells are separated from the non-saleable components such as water and solid residuals. Natural gas is often processed onsite while oil is piped to a refinery before being offered for sale. Through the third quarter of 2017, Anadarko Petroleum Company was the third-largest producer of natural gas in the United States.
Abandonment
As exploratory sites are deemed unproductive or existing operations exhaust capacity, companies plug wells and attempt to restore the areas to environmental states that existed prior to drilling activities. As natural gas prices descended to historic lows in January 2016, many exploratory wells were shuttered as high production costs rendered extraction unprofitable. In 2014, the state of Ohio ramped up efforts to plug nearly 600 orphan wells that posed hazards to surface water and aquifers.