While Encrypting a File with a Password from the Command Line using OpenSSLis very useful in its own right, the real power of the OpenSSL library is itsability to support the use of public key cryptograph for encrypting orvalidating data in an unattended manner (where the password is not required toencrypt) is done with public keys.
Generate an EC private key, of size 256, and output it to a file named key.pem: openssl ecparam -name prime256v1 -genkey -noout -out key.pem. Extract the public key from the key pair, which can be used in a certificate: openssl ec -in key.pem -pubout -out public.pem read EC key writing EC key.
You can generate a public and private RSA key pair like this:
openssl genrsa -des3 -out private.pem 2048
That generates a 2048-bit RSA key pair, encrypts them with a password you provideand writes them to a file. You need to next extract the public key file. You willuse this, for instance, on your web server to encrypt content so that it canonly be read with the private key.
This is a command that is
openssl rsa -in private.pem -outform PEM -pubout -out public.pem
The -pubout
flag is really important. Be sure to include it.
Next open the public.pem
and ensure that it starts with-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
. This is how you know that this file is thepublic key of the pair and not a private key.
To check the file from the command line you can use the less
command, like this:
less public.pem
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A previous version of the post gave this example in error.
openssl rsa -in private.pem -out private_unencrypted.pem -outform PEM
The error is that the -pubout
was dropped from the end of the command.That changes the meaning of the command from that of exporting the public keyto exporting the private key outside of its encrypted wrapper. Inspecting theoutput file, in this case private_unencrypted.pem
clearly shows that the keyis a RSA private key as it starts with -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
.
It is important to visually inspect you private and public key files to makesure that they are what you expect. OpenSSL will clearly explain the nature ofthe key block with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
or -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
.
You can use less to inspect each of your two files in turn:
less private.pem
to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
less public.pem
to verify that it starts with a -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
The next section shows a full example of what each key file should look like.
The generated files are base64-encoded encryption keys in plain text format.If you select a password for your private key, its file will be encrypted withyour password. Be sure to remember this password or the key pair becomes useless.
Depending on the nature of the information you will protect, it’s important tokeep the private key backed up and secret. The public key can be distributedanywhere or embedded in your web application scripts, such as in your PHP,Ruby, or other scripts. Again, backup your keys!
Remember, if the key goes away the data encrypted to it is gone. Keeping aprinted copy of the key material in a sealed envelope in a bank safety depositbox is a good way to protect important keys against loss due to fire or harddrive failure.
If you, dear reader, were planning any funny business with the private key that I have just published here. Know that they were made especially for this series of blog posts. I do not use them for anything else.
Learn more about our services or drop us your email and we'll e-mail you back.
The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands, each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments. Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a -config
option to specify that file. The environment variable OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify the location of the configuration file. If the environment variable is not specified, a default file is created in the default certificate storage area called openssl.cnf. The settings in this default configuration file depend on the flags set when the version of OpenSSL being used was built.
This article is an overview of the available tools provided by openssl. For all of the details on usage and implementation, you can find the manpages which are automatically generated from the source code at the official OpenSSL project home. Likewise, the source code itself may be found on the OpenSSL project home page, as well as on the OpenSSL Github. The main OpenSSL site also includes an overview of the command-line utilities, as well as links to all of their respective documentation.
The entry point for the OpenSSL library is the openssl binary, usually /usr/bin/openssl on Linux. The general syntax for calling openssl is as follows:
Alternatively, you can call openssl without arguments to enter the interactive mode prompt. You may then enter commands directly, exiting with either a quit
command or by issuing a termination signal with either Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D. The following is a sample interactive session in which the user invokes the prime command twice before using the quit command to terminate the session.
This section is a brief tutorial on performing the most basic tasks using OpenSSL. For a detailed explanation of the rationale behind the syntax and semantics of the commands shown here, see the section on Commands.
As mentioned previously, the general syntax of a command is openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]
. The help command is no different, but it does have its idiosyncrasies. To view the top-level help menu, you can call openssl as follows.
This query will print all of the available commands, like so:
Note the above output was truncated, so only the first four lines of output are shown.
A help menu for each command may be requested in two different ways. First, the same command used above may be repeated, followed by the name of the command to print help for.
The program will then display the valid options for the given command.
The second way of requesting the help menu for a particular command is by using the first option in the output shown above, namely openssl command -help
. Both commands will yield the same output; the help menu displayed will be exactly the same.
For additional information on the usage of a particular command, the project manpages are a great source of information. Another excellent source of information is the project perldocs. perldoc is a utility included with most if not all Perl distributions, and it's capable of displaying documentation information in a variety of formats, one of which is as manpages. Not surprisingly, the project documentation is generated from the pod files located in the doc directory of the source code.
As mentioned above, the version command's help menu may be queried for additional options like so:
Using the -a option to show all version information yields the following output on my current machine:
Generating a private key can be done in a variety of different ways depending on the type of key, algorithm, bits, and other options your specific use case may require. In this example, we are generating a private key using RSA and a key size of 2048 bits.
To generate a password protected private key, the previous command may be slightly amended as follows:
The addition of the -aes256 option specifies the cipher to use to encrypt the private key file. For a list of available ciphers in the library, you can run the following command:
With your private key in hand, you can use the following command to see the key's details, such as its modulus and its constituent primes. Remember to change the name of the input file to the file name of your private key.
The above command yields the following output in my specific case. Your output will differ but should be structurally similar.
Keep in mind the above key was generated solely for pedagogical purposes; never give anyone access to your private keys.
Having previously generated your private key, you may generate the corresponding public key using the following command.
You may once again view the key details, using a slightly different command this time.
The output for the public key will be shorter, as it carries much less information, and it will look something like this.
For more information on generating keys, see the source code documentation, located in the doc/HOWTO/keys.txt file.
There are essentially two steps to generating a key:
To see the list of curves instrinsically supported by openssl, you can use the -list_curves</t> option when calling the <tt>ecparam command.
For this example I will use the prime256v1 curve, which is an X9.62/SECG curve over a 256 bit prime field.
Having selected our curve, we now call ecparam to generate our parameters file.
You can print the generated curve parameters to the terminal output with the following command:
Analogously, you may also output the generated curve parameters as C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_ec_group_XXX() function. To print the C code to the current terminal's output, the following command may be used:
And here are the first few lines of the corresponding output:
With the curve parameters in hand, we are now free to generate the key. Just as with the [#Generating an RSA Private Key RSA] example above, we may optionally specify a cipher algorithm with which to encrypt the private key. The call to generate the key using the elliptic curve parameters generated in the example above looks like this:
The process of generation a curve based on elliptic-curves can be streamlined by calling the genpkey command directly and specifying both the algorithm and the name of the curve to use for parameter generation. In it's simplest form, the command to generate a key based on the same curve as in the example above looks like this:
This command will result in the generated key being printed to the terminal's output.
Remember that you can specify a cipher algorithm to encrypt the key with, which something you may or may not want to do, depending on your specific use case. Here is a slightly more complete example showing a key generated with a password and written to a specific output file.
Just as with the previous example, you can use the pkey command to inspect your newly-generated key.
For more details on elliptic curve cryptography or key generation, check out the manpages.
For simple string encoding, you can use 'here string' syntax with the base64 command as below. Intuitively, the -e flag specifies the action to be encoding.
Similarly, the base64 command's -d flag may be used to indicate decoding mode.
One of the most basic uses of the dgst command (short for digest) is viewing the hash of a given file. To do this, simply invoke the command with the specified digest algorithm to use. For this example, I will be hashing an arbitrary file on my system using the MD5, SHA1, and SHA384 algorithms.
For a list of the available digest algorithms, you can use the following command.
You can also use a similar command to see the available digest commands:
Below are three sample invocations of the md5, sha1, and sha384 digest commands using the same file as the dgst command invocation above.
The following example demonstrates a simple file encryption and decryption using the enc command. The first argument is the cipher algorithm to use for encrypting the file. For this example I carefully selected the AES-256 algorithm in CBC Mode by looking up the available ciphers and picking out the first one I saw. To see the list of available ciphers, you can use the following command.
You can also use the following command:
Having selected an encryption algorithm, you must then specify whether the action you are taking is either encryption or decryption via the -e or -d flags, respectively. The -iter flag specifies the number of iterations on the password used for deriving the encryption key. A higher iteration count increases the time required to brute-force the resulting file. Using this option implies enabling use of the Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2, usually set using the -pbkdf2 flag. We then use the -salt flag to enable the use of a randomly generated salt in the key-derivation function.
Putting it all together, you can see the command to encrypt a file and the corresponding output below. Note that the passwords entered by the user are blank, just as they would usually be in a terminal session.
The analogous decryption command is as follows:
There are three different kinds of commands. These are standard commands, cipher commands, and digest commands. Calling the OpenSSL top-level help command with no arguments will result in openssl printing all available commands by group, sorted alphabetically.
Command | Description |
---|---|
asn1parse | Parse an ASN.1 sequence. |
ca | Certificate Authority (CA) Management. |
ciphers | Cipher Suite Description Determination. |
cms | CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility. |
crl | Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management. |
crl2pkcs7 | CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion. |
dgst | Message Digest calculation. MAC calculations are superseded by mac(1). |
dhparam | Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1). |
dsa | DSA Data Management. |
dsaparam | DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1). |
ec | EC (Elliptic curve) key processing. |
ecparam | EC parameter manipulation and generation. |
enc | Encoding with Ciphers. |
engine | Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation. |
errstr | Error Number to Error String Conversion. |
gendsa | Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkey(1). |
genpkey | Generation of Private Key or Parameters. |
genrsa | Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by genpkey(1). |
info | Display diverse information built into the OpenSSL libraries. |
kdf | Key Derivation Functions. |
mac | Message Authentication Code Calculation. |
nseq | Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence. |
ocsp | Online Certificate Status Protocol utility. |
passwd | Generation of hashed passwords. |
pkcs12 | PKCS#12 Data Management. |
pkcs7 | PKCS#7 Data Management. |
pkcs8 | PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool. |
pkey | Public and private key management. |
pkeyparam | Public key algorithm parameter management. |
pkeyutl | Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility. |
prime | Compute prime numbers. |
rand | Generate pseudo-random bytes. |
rehash | Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values. |
req | PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management. |
rsa | RSA key management. |
rsautl | RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl(1). |
s_client | This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. |
s_server | This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS. |
s_time | SSL Connection Timer. |
sess_id | SSL Session Data Management. |
smime | S/MIME mail processing. |
speed | Algorithm Speed Measurement. |
spkac | SPKAC printing and generating utility. |
srp | Maintain SRP password file. |
storeutl | Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc. |
ts | Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server). |
verify | X.509 Certificate Verification. |
version | OpenSSL Version Information. |
x509 | X.509 Certificate Data Management. |