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In cryptography, a pre-shared key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used.^[1]

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Key[edit]

To build a key from shared secret, the key derivation function is typically used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The term PSK is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), where the method is called WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK, and also in the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), where it is known as EAP-PSK. In all these cases, both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients share the same key.^[2]

The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system designs require that such keys be in a particular format. It can be a password, a passphrase, or a hexadecimal string. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.

Crypto systems rely on one or more keys for confidentiality. One particular attack is always possible against keys, the brute force key space search attack. A sufficiently long, randomly chosen, key can resist any practical brute force attack, though not in principle if an attacker has sufficient computational power (see password strength and password cracking for more discussion). Unavoidably, however, pre-shared keys are held by both parties to the communication, and so can be compromised at one end, without the knowledge of anyone at the other. There are several tools available to help one choose strong passwords, though doing so over any network connection is inherently unsafe as one cannot in general know who, if anyone, may be eavesdropping on the interaction. Choosing keys used by cryptographic algorithms is somewhat different in that any pattern whatsoever should be avoided, as any such pattern may provide an attacker with a lower effort attack than brute force search. This implies random key choice to force attackers to spend as much effort as possible; this is very difficult in principle and in practice as well. As a general rule, any software except a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) should be avoided.

References[edit]

^Martin, Victoria. 'pre-shared key'. Fortinet Cookbook. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
^'What is a pre-shared key or shared secret?'. Indiana University. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2019-03-21.

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-shared_key&oldid=946620325'

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Azure S2S VPN connections provide secure, cross-premises connectivity between customer premises and Azure. This tutorial walks through IPsec S2S VPN connection life cycles such as creating and managing a S2S VPN connection. You learn how to:

Create an S2S VPN connection
Update the connection property: pre-shared key, BGP, IPsec/IKE policy
Add more VPN connections
Delete a VPN connection

The following diagram shows the topology for this tutorial:

Working with Azure Cloud Shell and Azure PowerShell

This article uses PowerShell cmdlets. To run the cmdlets, you can use Azure Cloud Shell. The Azure Cloud Shell is a free interactive shell that you can use to run the steps in this article. It has common Azure tools preinstalled and configured to use with your account.

To open the Cloud Shell, just select Try it from the upper right corner of a code block. You can also launch Cloud Shell in a separate browser tab by going to https://shell.azure.com/powershell. Select Copy to copy the blocks of code, paste it into the Cloud Shell, and press enter to run it.

Requirements

Complete the first tutorial: Create VPN gateway with Azure PowerShell to create the following resources:

Resource group (TestRG1), virtual network (VNet1), and the GatewaySubnet
VPN gateway (VNet1GW)

The virtual network parameter values are listed below. Note the additional values for the local network gateway which represent your on-premises network. Change the values below based on your environment and network setup, then copy and paste to set the variables for this tutorial. If your Cloud Shell session times out, or you need to use a different PowerShell window, copy and paste the variables to your new session and continue the tutorial.

Note

If you are using this to make a connection, be sure to change the values to match your on-premises network. If you are just running these steps as a tutorial, you don't need to make changes, but the connection will not work.

The workflow to create an S2S VPN connection is straightforward:

Create a local network gateway to represent your on-premises network
Create a connection between your Azure VPN gateway and the local network gateway

Create a local network gateway

A local network gateway represents your on-premises network. You can specify the properties of your on-premises network in the local network gateway, including:

Public IP address of your VPN device
On-premises address space
(Optional) BGP attributes (BGP peer IP address and AS number)

Create a local network gateway with the New-AzLocalNetworkGateway command.

Create a S2S VPN connection

Next, create a Site-to-Site VPN connection between your virtual network gateway and your VPN device with the New-AzVirtualNetworkGatewayConnection. Notice that the '-ConnectionType' for Site-to-Site VPN is IPsec.

Add the optional '-EnableBGP $True' property to enable BGP for the connection if you are using BGP. It is disabled by default. Parameter '-ConnectionProtocol' is optional with IKEv2 as default. You can create the connection with IKEv1 protocols by specifying -ConnectionProtocol IKEv1.

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Update the VPN connection pre-shared key, BGP, and IPsec/IKE policy

View and update your pre-shared key

Azure S2S VPN connection uses a pre-shared key (secret) to authenticate between your on-premises VPN device and the Azure VPN gateway. You can view and update the pre-shared key for a connection with Get-AzVirtualNetworkGatewayConnectionSharedKey and Set-AzVirtualNetworkGatewayConnectionSharedKey.

Important

The pre-shared key is a string of printable ASCII characters no longer than 128 in length.

This command shows the pre-shared key for the connection:

The output will be 'Azure@!b2C3' following the example above. Use the command below to change the pre-shared key value to 'Azure@!_b2=C3':

Enable BGP on VPN connection

Azure VPN gateway supports BGP dynamic routing protocol. You can enable BGP on each individual connection, depending on whether you are using BGP in your on-premises networks and devices. Specify the following BGP properties before enabling BGP on the connection:

Azure VPN ASN (Autonomous System Number)
On-premises local network gateway ASN
On-premises local network gateway BGP peer IP address

If you have not configured the BGP properties, the following commands add these properties to your VPN gateway and local network gateway: Set-AzVirtualNetworkGateway and Set-AzLocalNetworkGateway.

Use the following example to configure BGP properties:

Enable BGP with Set-AzVirtualNetworkGatewayConnection.

You can disable BGP by changing the '-EnableBGP' property value to $False. Refer to BGP on Azure VPN gateways for more detailed explanations of BGP on Azure VPN gateways.

Apply a custom IPsec/IKE policy on the connection

You can apply an optional IPsec/IKE policy to specify the exact combination of IPsec/IKE cryptographic algorithms and key strengths on the connection, instead of using the default proposals. The following sample script creates a different IPsec/IKE policy with the following algorithms and parameters:

IKEv2: AES256, SHA256, DHGroup14
IPsec: AES128, SHA1, PFS14, SA Lifetime 14,400 seconds & 102,400,000 KB

Refer to IPsec/IKE policy for S2S or VNet-to-VNet connections for a complete list of algorithms and instructions.

Add another S2S VPN connection

Add an additional S2S VPN connection to the same VPN gateway, create another local network gateway, and create a new connection between the new local network gateway and the VPN gateway. Use the following examples, making sure to modify the variables to reflect your own network configuration.

There are now two S2S VPN connections to your Azure VPN gateway.

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Delete a S2S VPN connection

Delete a S2S VPN connection with Remove-AzVirtualNetworkGatewayConnection.

Delete the local network gateway if you no longer need it. You cannot delete a local network gateway if there are other connections associated with it.

Clean up resources

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If this configuration is part of a prototype, test, or proof-of-concept deployment, you can use the Remove-AzResourceGroup command to remove the resource group, the VPN gateway, and all related resources.