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AUTO INCREMENT Field. Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically when a new record is inserted into a table. Often this is the primary key field that we would like to be created automatically every time a new record is inserted. Introduction to SQL Server PRIMARY KEY constraint A primary key is a column or a group of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. You create a primary key for a table by using the PRIMARY KEY constraint.
You can define a primary key in SQL Server by using SQL Server Management Studio or Transact-SQL. Creating a primary key automatically creates a corresponding unique clustered index, or a nonclustered index if specified as such.
Before You Begin
Limitations and Restrictions
A table can contain only one PRIMARY KEY constraint.
All columns defined within a PRIMARY KEY constraint must be defined as NOT NULL. If nullability is not specified, all columns participating in a PRIMARY KEY constraint have their nullability set to NOT NULL.
Security
Permissions
Creating a new table with a primary key requires CREATE TABLE permission in the database and ALTER permission on the schema in which the table is being created.
Creating a primary key in an existing table requires ALTER permission on the table.
Using SQL Server Management Studio
To create a primary key
- In Object Explorer, right-click the table to which you want to add a unique constraint, and click Design.
- In Table Designer, click the row selector for the database column you want to define as the primary key. If you want to select multiple columns, hold down the CTRL key while you click the row selectors for the other columns.
- Right-click the row selector for the column and select Set Primary Key.
Caution
If you want to redefine the primary key, any relationships to the existing primary key must be deleted before the new primary key can be created. A message will warn you that existing relationships will be automatically deleted as part of this process.
A primary key column is identified by a primary key symbol in its row selector.
If a primary key consists of more than one column, duplicate values are allowed in one column, but each combination of values from all the columns in the primary key must be unique.
If you define a compound key, the order of columns in the primary key matches the order of columns as shown in the table. However, you can change the order of columns after the primary key is created. For more information, see Modify Primary Keys.
Using Transact-SQL
To create a primary key in an existing table
The following example creates a primary key on the column TransactionID in the AdventureWorks database.
To create a primary key in a new table
The following example creates a table and defines a primary key on the column TransactionID in the AdventureWorks database.
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To create a primary key with clustered index in a new table
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The following example creates a table and defines a primary key on the column CustomerID and a clustered index on TransactionID in the AdventureWorks database.
See Also
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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table.
Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values.
A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of single or multiple columns (fields).
SQL PRIMARY KEY on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the 'ID' column when the 'Persons' table is created:
MySQL:
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
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MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName)
);
Note: In the example above there is only ONE PRIMARY KEY (PK_Person). However, the VALUE of the primary key is made up of TWO COLUMNS (ID + LastName).
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SQL PRIMARY KEY on ALTER TABLE
To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the 'ID' column when the table is already created, use the following SQL:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName);
Note: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the primary key column(s) must already have been declared to not contain NULL values (when the table was first created).
DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint
To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
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SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access: