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Sep 30, 2018 API Key Generation. Since the API key itself is an identity by which to identify the application or the user, it needs to be unique, random and non-guessable. API keys that are generated must also use Alphanumeric and special characters. An example of such an API key is zaCELgL.0imfnc8mVLWwsAawjYr4Rx-Af50DDqtlx. Secure API Key Storage. Public key in asymmetric cryptography is available to public but the private key must be protected with the user, else it can be used to decrypt data. In.NET, the RSACryptoServiceProvider and DSACryptoServiceProvider classes are used for asymmetric encryption. A random public/private key pair is generated when a new instance of the class is. Azure Disk Encryption is integrated with Azure Key Vault to help you control and manage the disk-encryption keys and secrets in your key vault subscription. You can create a key vault or use an existing one for Azure Disk Encryption.
-->This article provides the steps to provision keys for Always Encrypted using the SqlServer PowerShell module. You can use PowerShell to provision Always Encrypted keys both with and without role separation, providing control over who has access to the actual encryption keys in the key store, and who has access to the database.
For an overview of Always Encrypted key management, including some high-level best practice recommendations, see Overview of key management for Always Encrypted.For information about how to start using the SqlServer PowerShell module for Always Encrypted, see Configure Always Encrypted using PowerShell.
Key Provisioning without Role Separation
The key provisioning method described in this section doesn't support role separation between Security Administrators and DBAs. Some of the below steps combine operations on physical keys with operations on key metadata. Therefore, this method of provisioning the keys is recommended for organizations using the DevOps model, or if the database is hosted in the cloud and the primary goal is to restrict cloud administrators (but not on-premises DBAs) from accessing sensitive data. It is not recommended if potential adversaries include DBAs, or if DBAs shouldn't have access to sensitive data.
Dkim record example. The private key is then used to create a signature for each email.
Before running any steps that involves access to plaintext keys or the key store (identified in the Accesses plaintext keys/key store column in the below table), make sure that the PowerShell environment runs on a secure machine that is different from a computer hosting your database. For more information, see Security Considerations for Key Management.
| Task | Article | Accesses plaintext keys/key store | Accesses database |
|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1. Create a column master key in a key store. Note: The SqlServer PowerShell module doesn't support this step. To accomplish this task from a command-line, use the tools that are specific to your selected key store. | Create and store column master keys for Always Encrypted | Yes | No |
| Step 2. Start a PowerShell environment and import the SqlServer PowerShell module. | Configure Always Encrypted using PowerShell | No | No |
| Step 3. Connect to your server and database. | Connect to a database | No | Yes |
| Step 4. Create a SqlColumnMasterKeySettings object that contains information about the location of your column master key. SqlColumnMasterKeySettings is an object that exists in memory (in PowerShell). Use the cmdlet that is specific to your key store. | New-SqlAzureKeyVaultColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCertificateStoreColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCngColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCspColumnMasterKeySettings | No | No |
| Step 5. Create the metadata about the column master key in your database. | New-SqlColumnMasterKey Note: under the covers, the cmdlet issues the CREATE COLUMN MASTER KEY (Transact-SQL) statement to create key metadata. | No | Yes |
| Step 6. Authenticate to Azure, if your column master key is stored in Azure Key Vault. | Add-SqlAzureAuthenticationContext | Yes | No |
| Step 7. Generate a new column encryption key, encrypt it with the column master key and create column encryption key metadata in the database. | New-SqlColumnEncryptionKey Note: Use a variation of the cmdlet that internally generates and encrypts a column encryption key. Note: Under the covers, the cmdlet issues the CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY (Transact-SQL) statement to create key metadata. | Yes | Yes |
Windows Certificate Store without Role Separation (Example)
This script is an end-to-end example for generating a column master key that is a certificate in Windows Certificate Store, generating and encrypting a column encryption key, and creating key metadata in a SQL Server database.
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Azure Key Vault without Role Separation (Example)
This script is an end-to-end example for provisioning and configuring an Azure Key Vault, generating a column master key in the vault, generating and encrypting a column encryption key, and creating key metadata in an Azure SQL database.
CNG/KSP without Role Separation (Example)
The below script is an end-to-end example for generating a column master key in a key store that implements Cryptography Next Generation API (CNG), generating and encrypting a column encryption key, and creating key metadata in a SQL Server database.
The example leverages the key store that uses Microsoft Software Key Storage Provider. You may choose to modify the example to use another store, such as your hardware security module. For that, you'll need to make sure the key store provider (KSP) that implements CNG for your device is installed and properly on your machine. You'll need to replace Microsoft Software Key Storage Provider with your device's KSP name.
Key Provisioning With Role Separation
This section provides the steps to configure encryption where security administrators don't have access to the database, and database administrators don't have access to the key store or plaintext keys.
Security Administrator
Before running any steps that involves access to plaintext keys or the key store (identified in the Accesses plaintext keys/key store column in the below table), make sure that:
- The PowerShell environment runs on a secure machine that is different from a computer hosting your database.
- DBAs in your organization have no access to the machine (that would defeat the purpose of role separation).
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For more information, see Security Considerations for Key Management.
| Task | Article | Accesses plaintext keys/key store | Accesses database |
|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1. Create a column master key in a key store. Note: The SqlServer module doesn't support this step. To accomplish this task from a command-line, you need to use the tools that are specific the type of your key store. | Create and store column master keys for Always Encrypted | Yes | No |
| Step 2. Start a PowerShell session and import the SqlServer module. | Import the SqlServer module | No | No |
| Step 3. Create a SqlColumnMasterKeySettings object that contains information about the location of your column master key. SqlColumnMasterKeySettings is an object that exists in memory (in PowerShell). Use the cmdlet that is specific to your key store. | New-SqlAzureKeyVaultColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCertificateStoreColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCngColumnMasterKeySettings New-SqlCspColumnMasterKeySettings | No | No |
| Step 4. Authenticate to Azure, if your column master key is stored in Azure Key Vault | Add-SqlAzureAuthenticationContext | Yes | No |
| Step 5. Generate a column encryption key, encrypt it with the column master key to produce an encrypted value of the column encryption key. | New-SqlColumnEncryptionKeyEncryptedValue | Yes | No |
| Step 6. Provide the location of the column master key (the provider name and a key path of the column master key) and an encrypted value of the column encryption key to the DBA. | See the examples below. | No | No |
DBA
DBAs use the information they receive from the Security Admin (step 6 above) to create and manage the Always Encrypted key metadata in the database.
| Task | Article | Accesses plaintext keys | Accesses database |
|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1. Obtain the location of the column master key and encrypted value of the column encryption key from your Security Administrator. | See the examples below. | No | No |
| Step 2. Start a PowerShell environment and import the SqlServer module. | Configure Always Encrypted using PowerShell | No | No |
| Step 3. Connect to your server and a database. | Connect to a database | No | Yes |
| Step 4. Create a SqlColumnMasterKeySettings object that contains information about the location of your column master key. SqlColumnMasterKeySettings is an object that exists in memory. | New-SqlColumnMasterKeySettings | No | No |
| Step 5. Create the metadata about the column master key in your database | New-SqlColumnMasterKey Note: under the covers, the cmdlet issues the CREATE COLUMN MASTER KEY (Transact-SQL) statement to create column master key metadata. | No | Yes |
| Step 6. Create the column encryption key metadata in the database. | New-SqlColumnEncryptionKey Note: DBAs use a variation of the cmdlet that only creates column encryption key metadata. Under the covers, the cmdlet issues the CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY (Transact-SQL) statement to create column encryption key metadata. | No | Yes |